Environment, pollution, sabotage, hydrocarbon, acid rain, ijaw community introduction niger delta region is rated as the most oilimpacted environment and polluted area in the world most especially by environmental experts from the uk, the usa and nigeria. The current state of multiagency response to oil spill incidents in nigeria an observatory examination of the oil and gas industry in nigeria would reveal that there are numerous provisions in the existing laws that provide for the multiagency response model. Nigeria by esther sako ma, hull university, england1991 ba, university of london, england1987 dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of doctor of philosophy public health walden university february 2017. A 2018 study by the journal of health and pollution found that more than 12,000 oil spill incidents have. International journal of environment and pollution research vol.
Unfortunately, the development and distribution of these resources in the niger delta area creates significant environmental, social and economic impacts which have attendant effects on the water and agricultural resources, employment, income, housing, environmental quality and. Implications for the sustainability of the mangrove ecosystem. Managing environmental conflicts in the oil producing. The devastating effects of environmental degradation a. The ogoniland region remains afflicted with contaminated lands and water despite clean up promises. Large accidents involving oil spills to the environment have sparked research efforts, and a. The importance, effect, causes, relationship, comparison, history, role, solutions are discussed. Environmental regulation and pollution control in relation. Public health implications of oil pollution in koluama. Environmental human rights violations by shell in nigerias niger delta.
Oil spillage is one of the greatest environmental problems, nigeria is currently battling with especially in the niger delta region. Jun 15, 2010 the oil industry is accused of a sharp double standard in its operations of taking advantage of nigeria s lack of environment law and weak regulation, while observing higher standards of safety. In the niger delta, the centre nerve of petroleum in nigeria, the most serious oil spillage occurred in july 1979, when a. Phd dissertation sustainable environmental management in the. Shell oil spills led to astonishingly high pollution in nigeria. Environmental pollution and sustainable development in nigeria. Most of the nigerian oil is extracted on the shelf of the gulf of guinea. This can be done using vacuums and skimmers, as well as people power along the beach to sweep it away.
Its hydrocarbon pollution restoration project hyprep was set up in july 2012 with a mandate to implement uneps recommendations. Shell lawsuit re oil pollution in nigeria the plaintiffs filed three separate lawsuits, each one addressing the impact of oil spillages in the three villages oruma, goi and ikot ada udo. The reason for this is that the oil and gas industry in nigeria accounts for about 90%. The niger deltas main environmental and social problems arise from oil spills, gas flaring and degradation of the land. Oil exploration and spillage in the niger delta of nigeria 1. Health risks associated with oil pollution in the niger. Get free research paper on environmental pollution in nigeria. Since crude oil was first discovered in nigeria in 1958, oil exploration has continued in the nigerdelta. Pdf oil pollution is without a doubt a serious issue in nigeria today. Two switchesone manual and one automatic backupfailed to. With examples from across the world, this paper outlines the extent to which global regulation and pollution control of the oil industry has evolved over time, largely propelled by serious accidents.
Review of some impacts of oil exploration and production. Since nigeria discovered the black gold in oloibiri, bayelsa state in 1956 the environment has been wrought with oil spills. Environment, policies, strategies, nigeria, oil and gas industry 1. John vidal wrote in his guardian blog january, 29, 20 that in his trip in january to the delta, people were telling him that if anything, the pollution was getting worse. Crude oil soiled intertidal31 a framework for determining the compensable value of damages due to contamination to wetlands in the niger delta. Pdf oil spill problems and management in the niger delta. The human health implications of crude oil spills in the. This pattern changed when oil suddenly became of strategic importance to the world economy through its supplyprice nexus, as shown in table 1. Italian oil giant eni, which owns the nigerian agip oil company is a smaller player in the niger delta than shell and has received less attention. Oil continues to power transportation, manufacturing, and global trade, and is everpresent, from gasoline to household chemicals and countless consumer items.
Nigeria during the period 19701979 stood at 97%, while 97% and 95% were flared between 1980 and 1989, and 1990 to 1999 respectively. Oil communities have been at the receiving end of this environmental problem. Oil spills occur naturally by natural disaster, movement of tectonic plates and also as a result of inadequate trap system. Environmental policies and strategies in nigeria oil and gas. Oil spill can be caused by natural seepage, especially in the ocean, as tectonic plates shift, they may release oil from reserves trapped deep such as drilling beneath the ocean floor. Nigerian oil pollution claims against shell cannot be heard. The vast majority of nigerias oil and gas is produced in the niger delta. Oil exploration and spillage in the niger delta of nigeria.
Environmental impacts of oil exploration and exploitation. Environmental impacts of oil exploration and exploitation in the niger delta of nigeria. Nigeria by esther sako ma, hull university, england 1991 ba, university of london, england 1987 dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of doctor of philosophy public health walden university february 2017. Nigerian oil pollution claims against shell cannot be. Oil pollution and water quality in the niger delta. Accountancy department akwa ibom state polytechnic, ikot osurua, ikot ekpene, nigeria abstract nigeria depends on oil revenue for 95% of national income and foreign exchange earnings.
Petroleum, pollution and poverty in the niger delta index. Federation of nigeria 1990 for example, determined that oil operators should implement all practical precautions to prevent the pollution of the land, rivers, the territorial waters and other natural resources and where such pollution occurred shall take prompt step to control and, if. The oil spills affected at least 1500 communities in the eight crude oil producing states in nigeria, and were mainly from the 5284 oil wells that were drilled as at 2006 and the 7000 km of crude oil pipeline that crisscrosses the niger delta region. This paper addresses the environmental impact of oil spillage and degradation in the niger delta region of nigeria.
Big oil spills are common in the niger delta where over 40 million liters of crude oil is spilled annually, resulting in human deaths and damage to the local ecosystem. Jun 10, 2012 oil exploration and spillage in the niger delta of nigeria 1. Oil pollution in the niger delta region of nigeria. This is approved for students in accountancy, business, computer science, economics, engineering, arts. Prospecting and extraction of petroleum occur in over 50% of the niger delta region, resulting in a cornucopia of access roads, pipelines, wells, gas flaring, dredged spoils and flow stations that are often located near homes, schools, farms, and within communities.
Eghosa osa ekhator abstract nigeria operates a command and control regulatory framework in the oil and gas sector. Home to 20 million people and 40 different ethnic groups, this floodplain makes up 7. Pdf sherpa releases 46 ideas to foster transnational regulation. Environmental regulation and pollution control in relation to. This paper examines the environmental impact of oil spillage and degradation in the niger delta region of nigeria. This document offers policy recommendation for the petroleum industry bill pib in nigeria. The oil industry is accused of a sharp double standard in its operations of taking advantage of nigerias lack of environment law and weak regulation, while observing higher standards of.
In extreme cases a company might light the oil on fire to try and burn it away. In the same vein, between 1970 and 2004 nigeria has flared and average of 76% of the total gas produced. The niger delta, located in the southernmost part of nigeria, is the largest river delta in. Sectoral contribution to gross domestic product gdp sector 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2002 agriculture 64. Effects of hydrocarbon pollution on local economy a thesis approved by the faculty of environmental sciences and process engineering at the brandenburg university of technology cottbus in partial. Environmental policies and strategies in nigeria oil and. Impacts and management of oil spill pollution along the nigerian coastal areas peter c. Badejo abstract nigeria has a coastline of approximately 853km facing the atlantic ocean. This is the principal legislation as regards response to oil spill incidents in nigeria. Oil and casualization of labor in the niger delta foreword by richard l.
The federal government of nigeria has a key role to play. Health risks associated with oil pollution in the niger delta. This paper examined the effects of oil pollution on the environment. Phd dissertation sustainable environmental management. Pdf health risks associated with oil pollution in the. Review of laws providing for multiagency response to oil spill incidents in nigeria 3. The causes, consequences, solutions to the problem of oil spill incidents and remediation measures were articulated to ameliorate this problem and assist oil communities. But the number of oil spills from its operations requires urgent action by both the nigerian and italian governments.
The devastating effects of environmental degradation a case. Apart from the loss of petroleumderived revenue to corruption and. It is the largest wetland and maintains the thirdlargest drainage basin in africa. Public regulation of the oil and gas industry in nigeria. Nigeria or at the joining shorelines except where such discharge is permitted or. Oil production is the main source of revenue in nigeria.
For example, between 1970 and 1982, a total of 1,581 oil spills involving nearly two million barrels of oil was reported in nigeria. The law and multiagency response to oil spill incidents in. For the ogoni and the people of nigeria, oil and oil companies have brought poverty, environmental devastation and widespread, severe human rights abuses. When oil disasters occurred such as the exxon valdez tanker near alaska and the deepwater horizon drilling platform in the gulf of mexico, public indignation and attention was great and an emergency action plan was announced at lightning speed. Health risks associated with oil pollution in the niger delta, nigeria article pdf available in international journal of environmental research and public health 3. Oil pollution occurs when crude oil and its refined products are spilled into the environment by the activities of man. Crude oil was first discovered in commercial quantities in nigeria in 1956, while actual production started in 1958. A joint investigation visit jiv is a visit to oil spill sites usually carried out within two weeks of an onshore oil spill in nigeria. Nigeria exports crude oil, and imports refined petroleum products. Afr 440172009 amnesty international june 2009 7 section i 1. Impacts and management of oil spill pollution along the. Abstract water pollution from crude oil spills in the mangrove ecosystem was investigated. Hundreds of oil spills reported in nigeria every year are ruining the environment and putting human lives at risk. Whereas water pollution is caused by the dumping, introduction, etc.
Corporate social responsibility is still seen by many companies as a. Shell oil spills led to astonishingly high pollution in. The law and multiagency response to oil spill incidents. The socioeconomic and ecological importance of conservation of the environment is incontestable. Developing an effective mechanism of oil pollution management in. Much of the natural gas extracted in oil wells in the niger. Advances in the development of petroleum resources has contributed enormously to the global energy demand and economic development over the past decades, however, it has left profound negative impacts on the natural environment and adverse human health effects in most oilproducing host communities around the world. The main causes of environmental pollution in nigeria lie in the activities of companies dealing with oil extraction, transporting, import, and export.
Niger delta of nigeria victor abaecheta akujuru a thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of doctor of philosophy. Nigeria is the largest oil producer in africa and the eleventh largest producer of crude oil in the world. The oil spills affected at least 1500 communities in the eight crude oilproducing states in nigeria, and were mainly from the 5284 oil wells that were drilled as at 2006 and the 7000 km of crude oil pipeline that crisscrosses the niger delta region. Nov 09, 2015 oil pollution in the niger delta region of nigeria.
Improving oil spill response in nigeria comparative analysis of the forms, data and. Introduction it is very important to note that each time environmental issues are mentioned in nigeria, the oil and gas industry readily comes to mind. The niger delta region and oil exploration the niger delta extends over about 70,000 km 2 27,000 sq mi and makes up 7. Aug 02, 2016 this study on environmental pollution in nigeria will cover all cases of environmental pollution ranging from air and water pollution due to oil exploration and refining, effluent waste from industries, dump sites all over nigeria market and streets and even noise pollution. Air pollution are caused by the emission into the atmosphere particulate matter such as smoke, dust, soot, greenhouse gases, noise, etc. Effects of oil spillage on community development in the. Merge all forms from all parties leading up to and including the jiv into a.
An overview of pollution in nigeria and the impact of. Oil pollution is without a doubt a serious issue in nigeria today. After the spill has occured, however, it is much harder to get rid of. This study on environmental pollution in nigeria will cover all cases of environmental pollution ranging from air and water pollution due to oil exploration and refining, effluent waste from industries, dump sites all over nigeria market and streets and even noise pollution. This coastline lies between latitude 4o 10 to 6o 20 n and longitude 2o 45 to 8o 35 e.
It is designed to assess the cause of the spill, the amount spilled and the scale and extent of damage and environmental impact. Hence, the need to appraise the current levels of pollution, and environmental protection legislations in nigeria with a view to enacting a new legislation. Trumka, president, aflcio t he quest for oil roils markets and heavily in. Pdf health risks associated with oil pollution in the niger. Phd dissertation sustainable environmental management in the niger delta region of nigeria. This report proves shell has had a terrible impact in nigeria, but has got. The niger delta region which are oil producing areas have, from time to time, suffered from the effect of oil spillage. Shell oil spills that havent been cleaned up for over eight years have contributed to astonishingly high levels of pollution in a nigerian community, according to a consultant who helped. Environment, pollution, sabotage, hydrocarbon, acid rain, ijaw community introduction niger delta region is rated as the most oil impacted environment and polluted area in the world most especially by environmental experts from the uk, the usa and nigeria.
On top of the 349 spills in 2014, eni reported more than 500 oil spills in 20. Federal environmental protection agency publications. Unlike the deepwater horizon accident the oil spills in nigeria are not caused. The key environmental issues in the niger delta of nigeria relate to its petroleum and industry. The oil spill at bodo 5, 2008 if you want to go fishing, you have to paddle for about four hours through several rivers. Since nigeria discovered the black gold in oloibiri, bayelsa state in 1956 the environment has been wrought with oil spills which have caused the degradation of farmland and gradual destruction of aquatic life through the exploration and exploitation of crude oil. Purpose this chapter examines the socioeconomic and political challenges facing nigerias oilproducing sector. Pollution can be grouped into air, water and land or soil. The environment provides man with the and food for his survival on earth, many activities of man have changed the natural constituents of the environment which portend danger to man and his environment pollution is the introduction of any substance at the rate faster.
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